International Phonetic Alphabet IPA char IPA name phonetic description a lower-case a open front unrounded vowel ɐ turned a near-open central vowel ɑ script a open back unrounded vowel ɒ turned script a open back rounded vowel æ ash; lower-case a-e ligature near-open front unrounded vowel b lower-case b voiced bilabial plosive ʙ small capital b voiced bilabial trill ɓ hooktop b voiced bilabial implosive β beta voiced bilabial fricative c lower-case c voiceless palatal plosive ç c cedilla voiceless palatal fricative ɕ curly-tail c voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative d lower-case d voiced dental or alveolar plosive ɖ right-tail d voiced retroflex plosive ɗ hooktop d voiced dental or alveolar implosive ð eth voiced dental fricative ʣ d-z ligature voiced alveolar affricate ʤ d-ezh ligature voiced postalveolar affricate ʥ d-curly-tail-z ligature voiced alveolo-palatal affricate e lower-case e close-mid front unrounded vowel ɘ reversed e close-mid central unrounded vowel ɛ epsilon open-mid front unrounded vowel ɜ reversed epsilon open-mid central unrounded vowel ɞ closed reversed epsilon open-mid central rounded vowel ə schwa mid central vowel ə superscript schwa mid central vowel release f lower-case f voiceless labiodental fricative ɡ opentail g voiced velar plosive ɠ hooktop g voiced velar implosive ɢ small capital g voiced uvular plosive ʛ hooktop small capital g voiced uvular implosive ɣ gamma voiced velar fricative ˠ superscript gamma velarized ɤ ram’s horns close-mid back unrounded vowel h lower-case h voiceless glottal fricative ʜ small capital h voiceless epiglottal fricative ħ barred h voiceless pharyngeal fricative ɦ hooktop h voiced glottal fricative ɥ turned h voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ hooktop heng simultaneous voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative ʰ superscript h aspirated i lower-case i close front unrounded vowel ɪ small capital i near-close near-front unrounded vowel ɨ barred i close central unrounded vowel j lower-case j voiced palatal approximant ɟ barred dotless j voiced palatal plosive ʄ hooktop barred dotless j voiced palatal implosive ʝ curly-tail j voiced palatal fricative ʲ superscript j palatalized k lower-case k voiceless velar plosive l lower-case l voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant ʟ small capital l voiced velar lateral approximant ɬ belted l voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative ɭ right-tail l voiced retroflex lateral approximant ɫ l with tilde velarized voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant ɮ l-ezh ligature voiced dental or alveolar lateral fricative ˡ superscript l lateral release m lower-case m voiced bilabial nasal ɱ left-tail m (at right) voiced labiodental nasal ɯ turned m close back unrounded vowel ɰ turned m, right leg voiced velar approximant n lower-case n voiced dental or alveolar nasal ɴ small capital n voiced uvular nasal ɳ right-tail n voiced retroflex nasal ɲ left-tail n (at left) voiced palatal nasal ŋ eng voiced velar nasal ⁿ superscript n nasal release o lower-case o close-mid back rounded vowel ɔ open o open-mid back rounded vowel ø slashed o close-mid front rounded vowel ɵ barred o close-mid central rounded vowel œ lower-case o-e ligature open-mid front rounded vowel ɶ small capital o-e ligature open front rounded vowel p lower-case p voiceless bilabial plosive ɸ phi voiceless bilabial fricative q lower-case q voiceless uvular plosive r lower-case r voiced dental or alveolar trill ʀ small capital r voiced uvular trill ɾ fish-hook r voiced dental or alveolar tap ɽ right-tail r voiced retroflex flap ɹ turned r voiced dental or alveolar approximant ɻ turned r, right tail voiced retroflex approximant ʁ inverted small capital r voiced uvular fricative ɺ turned long-leg r voiced alveolar lateral flap s lower-case s voiceless alveolar fricative ʃ esh voiceless postalveolar fricative ʂ right-tail s (at left) voiceless retroflex fricative t lower-case t voiceless dental or alveolar plosive ʈ right-tail t voiceless retroflex plosive θ theta voiceless dental fricative θ superscript theta voiceless dental fricative release ʨ t-curly-tail-c ligature voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ʦ t-s ligature voiceless dental or alveolar affricate ʧ t-esh ligature voiceless postalveolar affricate u lower-case u close back rounded vowel ʉ barred u close central rounded vowel ʊ upsilon near-close near-back rounded vowel v lower-case v voiced labiodental fricative ʋ cursive v voiced labiodental approximant ʌ turned v open-mid back unrounded vowel w lower-case w voiced labial-velar approximant ʍ turned w voiceless labial-velar fricative ʷ superscript w labialized x lower-case x voiceless velar fricative ˣ superscript x voiceless velar fricative release χ chi voiceless uvular fricative y lower-case y close front rounded vowel ʏ small capital y near-close near-front rounded vowel ʎ turned y voiced palatal lateral approximant z lower-case z voiced alveolar fricative ʒ ezh; tailed z voiced postalveolar fricative ʐ right-tail z voiced retroflex fricative ʑ curly-tail z voiced alveolo-palatal fricative ʔ glottal stop glottal plosive ʡ barred glottal stop epiglottal plosive ʕ reversed glottal stop voiced pharyngeal fricative or approximant ʢ barred reversed glottal stop voiced epiglottal fricative or approximant ˤ superscript reversed glottal stop pharyngealized ʘ bull’s eye bilabial click ǀ pipe dental click ǂ double-barred pipe palatoalveolar click ǁ double pipe alveolar lateral click ǃ exclamation point (post)alveolar click ʼ apostrophe ejective -̥ under-ring voiceless -̊ over-ring voiceless -̂ circumflex   -̌ wedge rising contour -̬ subscript wedge voiced -̈ umlaut centralized -̤ subscript umlaut breathy voiced -̃ superscript tilde nasalized -̰ subscript tilde creaky voiced -̴ superimposed tilde velarized or pharyngealized -̋ double acute accent (over) extra high level -́ acute accent (over) high level -̄ macron mid level -̀ grave accent (over) low level -̏ double grave accent (over) extra low level -̼ subscript seagull linguolabial -̪ subscript bridge dental -̺ inverted subscript bridge apical -̻ subscript square laminal -̹ subscript right half-ring more rounded -̜ subscript left half-ring less rounded -̟ subscript plus advanced -̠ under-bar retracted -̽ over-cross mid-centralized -̘ advancing sign advanced tongue root -̙ retracting sign retracted tongue root -˞ right hook rhoticity -̚ corner no audible release -̝ raising sign raised -˔ raising sign raised -̞ lowering sign lowered -˕ lowering sign lowered -̩ syllabicity mark syllabic -̯ subscript arch non-syllabic -͡- top tie bar affricate or double articulation -ˈ vertical stroke (superior) primary stress -ˌ vertical stroke (inferior) secondary stress -ː length mark long -ˑ half-length-mark half-long -̆ breve extra-short -. period syllable break -| vertical line (thick) minor (foot) group -‖ double vertical line (thick) major (intonation) -‿- bottom tie bar linking (absence of a break) -↗ upward diagonal arrow global rise -↘ downward diagonal arrow global fall -↓ down arrow downstep -↑ up arrow upstep -˥ extra-high tone letter extra high level -˦ high tone letter high level -˧ mid tone letter mid level -˨ low tone letter low level -˩ extra-low tone letter extra low level Country Index | Language Codes Days Months Months2 Planets Continents Circles Mountains Oceans Seas Rivers Languages International Organizations UDHR Elements Peace People Religion Sciences Wonders Zodiac Alphabets: A-B C-E F-J K-L M-Q R-S T-Z IPA Numbers Fonts Impressum SITEMAP Glossaries: Definitions Albanian | Greek | Armenian American | Polynesian Asian Balto-Slavic Basque | Caucasus Celtic Constructed Dravidian Germanic Indic Iranian Mongolic | Tungusic Romance Semitic | African Turkic Uralic Home | Simone Westermann | email: info@geonames.de | “What’s new”